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\title{\color{black}Lesson 1 \\ 
Writing a master thesis}
\author{Lene S{\ae}len}
\date{\vskip4pt \color{white}September 5, 2011}
\institute{Department of Physics and Technology, UiB }
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% TOC
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\begin{frame}
    \frametitle{In this presentation}

  \begin{itemize}
      \item Choosing topic
        \item The role of the supervisor
        \item The thesis
        \item Structuring your thesis
        \item Advice on scientific writing
        \item Exercise
  \end{itemize}
\end{frame}

\section{Choosing topic}

%***********************************************************************
% Choosing topic
%***********************************************************************
\begin{frame}
    \frametitle{ Choosing topic }

  \begin{itemize}
        \item Talk with the scientific staff (current phds, post doctors, professors)
        \item What are they doing? Does it sound interesting to you?
        \item What kind of task would suit you?
            \begin{itemize}
                \item theoretical
                \item numerical
                \item experimental
                \item combination
            \end{itemize}
        \item Find something that interests you. 
  \end{itemize}
\end{frame}

%***********************************************************************
% Specifying topic
%***********************************************************************
\begin{frame}
    \frametitle{ Specify project}

  \begin{itemize}
        \item Discuss with you supervisor
            \begin{itemize}
                \item Is the topic of academic significance, not trivial?
                \item The project should not be vague and wide.
                    \begin{itemize}
                        \item Be narrow and specific!
                    \end{itemize}
                \item Can the project be realized within the time frame?
                \item Write down the project description as soon as possible.
                    \begin{itemize}
                        \item Are you and your supervisor on the same page?
                    \end{itemize}
            \end{itemize}
 \end{itemize}
\end{frame}


%
%
\section{The supervisor}

%***********************************************************************
% Supervisor
%***********************************************************************
\begin{frame}
    \frametitle{   Managing your supervisor  }

  \begin{itemize}
        \item Let your supervisor know how much contact and support you would like.
        \item Go for continuous meetings, e.g., every two weeks
        \item Plan together some interim deadlines for the work
        \item Request access to past dissertations, list of literature and source material
        \item Prepare questions and point of discussion (don't meet empty handed!)
        \item Don't use your supervisor as spell checker. Deliver drafts in good style and language.  
        \item Don't bluff. If you don't get it, say so.
    \end{itemize}
\end{frame}


\setuibbackground
\section{Writing}

%***********************************************************************
% The thesis
%***********************************************************************
\begin{frame}
  \frametitle{The thesis}

  \begin{itemize}
      \item Start writing early!
      \item There are many sections you can start already today.
      \item Don't wait till the last minute to take care of layout and bibliography.
      \item If you have already started, it is easier to continue.
      \item Revision, revision, revision.
  \end{itemize}

\end{frame}

%***********************************************************************
% The reader
%***********************************************************************
\begin{frame}
  \frametitle{The reader}

  \begin{itemize}
      \item Always assess your potential reader before starting to write. 
      \item Don't write to impress your supervisor. 
      \item Who will benefit from you thesis?
      \item Write so that you and others of similar knowledge base can understand it. 
  \end{itemize}

\end{frame}

\setbeamertemplate{background}[default]
\section{Structure}
%***********************************************************************
% Structuring you thesis
%***********************************************************************
\begin{frame}
    \frametitle{ {\color{black} Structure} }
    It is important to structure the content of your thesis in logical chapters.
    A classical structure is
	\begin{itemize}
	  \item Abstract (optional)
	  \item Introduction
      \item Background
      \item Theory
      \item Methods
      \item Results
      \item Discussion
      \item Conclusion and outlook
      \item Appendix
      \item References
	\end{itemize}
	
\end{frame}

%***********************************************************************
% Structure cont.
%***********************************************************************
\begin{frame}
    \frametitle{}

\begin{itemize}

    \item Abstract
       \begin{itemize}
            \item A short declaration of the content (100-300 words)
            \item Preferably no references, no equations
            \item Use present tense
       \end{itemize}
   \item Introduction
       \begin{itemize}
           \item Identify your goal, hypothesis, and put into perspective
           \item Give a brief overview of the methods and nature of the study
           \item Why (motivation), what, how and where?
           \item Finish with a roadmap for the dissertation
           \item Keep it simple and concise.
       \end{itemize}
   \item Background
       \begin{itemize}
           \item Literature review of related work (organize e.g. by sub-topics, approaches)
           \item Give a brief historical perspective.
           \item Does the review hang together? (Not a list of books and articles!)
           \item Is the review critical? End with showing that your study is needed….
       \end{itemize}
\end{itemize}

\end{frame}

%***********************************************************************
% Structure cont.
%***********************************************************************
\begin{frame}
  \frametitle{}

  \begin{itemize}
    \item Theory / Methods
        \begin{itemize}
            \item Explain carefully how you did your work
            \item Motivate your choices (tell us why you did it the way you did it)
            \item Write clearly and detailed. Your work should be replicable by others
            \item Include background theory in brief. This is not a textbook
            \item Show/explained how you arrived at your equations. Appendix?
            \item Consider including simulation source code in appendices. 
            \item Basic data processing/analysis methods. Appendix?
            \item Include e.g. instrument and site, model, sampling schemes, etc.
        \end{itemize}
    \item Results
        \begin{itemize}
            \item Present your data
            \item Objective description of the results
            \item Do not claim more than you should!
            \item Avoid interpretation at this stage
            \item Use tables and figures to illustrate you results
            \item Describe in text if you removed outliers or smoothed data in figures
        \end{itemize}
  \end{itemize}
\end{frame}

            %\item Keep it simple and concise
            %\item Start writing early! Revise later

%***********************************************************************
% Structure
%***********************************************************************
\begin{frame}
  \frametitle{}

  \begin{itemize}
      \item Conclusion and outlook
          \begin{itemize}
               \item Draw your conclusions following your results and critical discussion
               \item Do not conclude more than you should!
               \item Include directions for future work. How could your project be improved by further work? Does your work have implications for the future of the field?
          \end{itemize}
      \item Appendix
          \begin{itemize}
              \item Present detailed material that may otherwise interrupt the flow of the thesis in appendices
              \item For example, lengthy tables, detailed statistics, detailed data processing and analysis procedures, source code
          \end{itemize}
      \item Bibliography
          \begin{itemize}
              \item Each citation in the text must be listed in the bibliography
              \item Cite prominent works. The bibliography is a mirror of the breadth of your research!
              \item Be consistent with the format and style of the bibliography entries. (use BibTeX!)
          \end{itemize}
  \end{itemize}
\end{frame}

\setuibbackground
%***********************************************************************
% Structure
%***********************************************************************
\begin{frame}
  \frametitle{Tips for structure}

  \begin{itemize}
      \item Help your reader navigate through your text.
      \item Avoid \{below, above\} if not directly below/above. Say specifically where. 
      \item Cross-reference sections, figures and (long) equations. 
      \item But don't interupt the flow by making the reader flip back and forth. 
      \item Repeat short equations with a reference to where it first appeared (if not in the same section / chapter).
  \end{itemize}

  \begin{quote}
      From Eq.(2) we know that the harmonic oscillator has energy, \[E_n = \hbar \omega(n+1).\] 
  \end{quote}

\end{frame}

%***********************************************************************
% Scientific language
%***********************************************************************
|\section{Scientific writing}
\begin{frame}
  \frametitle{Scientific language}

  \begin{itemize}
      \item Reports, articles and academic theses use scientific language
      \item Not funny, no smileys!
  \end{itemize}

    \begin{enumerate}
        \item Avoid unscientific descriptions: very, much, little, long.
        \item Use \{that, this, these\} carefully. It must be clear what \{this\} refers to. 
        \item Don't make the reader feel stupid. Avoid \{clearly, obvious, trivial, definitely\}.
        \item Can you start a sentence with \{and, but\}? Yes.
        \item Short, precise sentences are better than long, complicated ones!
        \item Use past tense to describe work that has been done (by you or others).
        \item Use present tense in the abstract and when discussing results.
    \end{enumerate}
\end{frame}


%***********************************************************************
% 
%***********************************************************************
\begin{frame}
  \frametitle{Writing rules}

  \begin{itemize}
      \item Express yourself in plain and simple terms.
      \item Complicated sentence structure does not make the content more scientific.
          \begin{itemize}
              \item LONG:	``Triclosan has been shown to be effective in reducing bacterial growth'' 
              \item SHORT:	``Triclosan is effective in reducing bacterial growth''
          \end{itemize}
      \item \textbf{DO NOT} use contractions such as ``we'll'' and ``isn't''. Use ``we will'' and ``is not''.
      \item Avoid long sentences. Stick to one main idea pr. sentence.
          \begin{itemize}
              \item Are you able to read the sentence with a shallow breath?
          \end{itemize}
      \item Define acronyms where they are first used. 
  \end{itemize}
\end{frame}

%***********************************************************************
% Example
%***********************************************************************
\begin{frame}
  \frametitle{Example I}

  \onslide<1>{
  \begin{quote}
      This will involve a theoretical examination of the impact of fluctuations in the short-term mean flow at hub height in the case of the isolated turbine, with comparison to the LES results of (3.3), and a parameterisation of the interaction of wakes with the ambient turbulence, the sea surface and one another according to the numerical results of (3.4).
  \end{quote} 
  }

\end{frame}

%***********************************************************************
% Example
%***********************************************************************
\begin{frame}
  \frametitle{Example II}

  
  \begin{description}
      \item[A] Patient records are a key feature of health services. They are first and foremost
  a working tool for healthcare professionals to ensure that patients receive proper medical care. As such, they are important for the collaboration between professionals and in the coordination of actions in the health services block.
  \item<2->[B] Health professionals keep records to ensure patients proper help and coordinate their actions.
  \end{description} 
  % Implicit in B is:
% at dette er viktig (nøkkelfunksjon)
% at journaler er arbeidsredskap (dette vet terapeuter allerede)
% at hjelpen omhandler helse (fordi personene som omtaler er helsepersonell)
% at helsepersonell er fagutøvere, og
% at de arbeider i helsetjenesten

\end{frame}



%***********************************************************************
% Active vs passive
%***********************************************************************
\begin{frame}
  \frametitle{Active vs passive}

  \begin{itemize}
      \item Use the \textbf{active form} in general and avoid using passive verbs. 
      \item The passive form inadvertently makes the text longer and duller to read. 
      \item Active form is stronger.
      \item Compare the two sentences below:
          \begin{itemize}
              \item ACTIVE: ``{\color{red}the diluent slowed} down the flame propagation significantly''
              \item PASSIVE: ``the flame propagation {\color{red}was slowed} down significantly {\color{red}by the diluent}''
          \end{itemize}
  \end{itemize}
\end{frame}

%***********************************************************************
% Active vs passive
%***********************************************************************
\begin{frame}
  \frametitle{Active vs passive}

  \begin{itemize}
      \item Good science is logical, well formed, clear and concise. Same goes for good writing. Overuse of the passive form often results in confusing and closed text. 
      \item If you are responsible for the work it is nothing wrong with saying so. ``We decided'' is stronger than ``It was decided''. 
  \end{itemize}
\end{frame}


%***********************************************************************
% Figures and tables
%***********************************************************************
\begin{frame}
  \frametitle{Figures and tables}

    \begin{itemize}
        \item Use captions to explain the figure/table. But don't elaborate. Do that in the text. Explain arrows etc.
            \begin{itemize}
                \item WRONG ``In this figure, we see that \ldots''
            \end{itemize}
        \item All figures and tables should have a number (preferably corresponding to the chapter and section numbering).
        \item Explain and discuss the figure/table (with a reference to the figure/table number) in the text.
            \begin{itemize}
                \item ``The distribution of A is strongly skewed (Fig.1)'' 
                \item ``The distribution of A is shown in Figure 1\ldots''
            \end{itemize}

       \end{itemize}
\end{frame}

%***********************************************************************
% Mathematical equations and symbols
%***********************************************************************
\begin{frame}
    \frametitle{Mathematical equations and symbols }
    \begin{itemize}
        \item Punctuate equations in the same way as normal text:
            \begin{itemize}
                \item We find that blabla is given by,
            \end{itemize}
            \begin{eqnarray}
                 \frac{\partial ^2y}{dx^2}  & = &  -y, \nonumber \\
              x^2 + y^2 & = & 1 . \nonumber  
            \end{eqnarray}
        \item Don't begin a sentence with an equation or a symbol.
        \item Define non-standard notation. Consider including a glossary. 
        \item Place short equations inline, e.g. for space, $E_0 = \hbar\omega$.
    \end{itemize}

\end{frame}


%***********************************************************************
% Mathematical style
%***********************************************************************
\begin{frame}
    \frametitle{More on mathematical style}
    \begin{itemize}
        \item Number all equations referred to in the text.
        \item Refer to equations like this:
            \begin{itemize}
                \item "Equation (2) defines \dots``
                \item "As can be simulated using (3)\dots``
            \end{itemize}
        \item Use bold face for vectors/matrices e.g.
        \item Avoid abbreviations like w.r.t, iff, etc.
        \item Use m s-1 , W kg-1 instead of m/s , W/kg
        \item Do not use italic font for units.
        \item Use italic font for variables ($x,p$) and symbols.
    \end{itemize}

\end{frame}

%***********************************************************************
% Units, numbers
%***********************************************************************
\begin{frame}
  \frametitle{Units and stuff}

  \begin{itemize}
      \item Use the International System of Units (SI-Units). If you're using other units (e.g. atomic) include a table of conversion from SI-units.

        \item Use symbol $\sim$ to mean approximately equal to.
        \item Numbers beginning a sentence must be spelled. Note: one, two, three\dots nine, 10, 11, 12\dots Exceptions: a 2-m tape measure; 3 million.
        \item Put a space between numbers and units: for example, $75$ kg. Exception: $75\%$. Note: $0.32$ is correct, NOT $.32$.
        \item Use the minimum number of significant digits or decimal places. \newline
            Examples: $23 \pm 7$ years, $23.4 \pm 0.6$ years NOT $23.4 \pm 6.6$ years
    \end{itemize}
\end{frame}

%***********************************************************************
% Referencing
%***********************************************************************
\begin{frame}
  \frametitle{Referencing}

  \begin{itemize}
      \item Reference your sources. This is important!
        \item References to web-pages should be in the text or in a footnote. As an exception they can be put in the reference list. 
        \item Citations are part of the sentence: 
            \begin{itemize}
                \item Another example can be found in~[18]. \\
                \item Substance C has a $10\%$ larger effect on B~(Taylor 2009) than substance A.
            \end{itemize}
    \end{itemize}
\end{frame}

%***********************************************************************
% Drafting
%***********************************************************************
\begin{frame}
  \frametitle{Drafting}

  \begin{itemize}
      \item Don't worry about grammar and details.
      \item Write!
      \item Once you have finished a paragraph / section / chapter, go back and
          \begin{itemize}
              \item check facts,
              \item include necessary references,
              \item check language, grammar.
              \item Is the information in the right place (introduction, method, results)?
          \end{itemize}
  \end{itemize}

\end{frame}


%***********************************************************************
% Revisions
%***********************************************************************
\begin{frame}
  \frametitle{Revision}

  \begin{itemize}
      \item Revision is for language and content
      \item Print out as draft - double space with wide margins
      \item Revise carefully, remove redundant parts, rewrite, check facts!
      \item Don't revise immediately after you have written. Sleep on it.
      \item Get feedback from you supervisor and or fellow students.
      \item Proofread to eliminate most grammatical errors before you give to someone else.
      \item Be prepared to rewrite and restructure. Be tough.
  \end{itemize}

\end{frame}

%***********************************************************************
% Proofreading
%***********************************************************************
\begin{frame}
  \frametitle{Proofreading}

  \begin{itemize}
      \item Proofreading is for language and grammar.
      \item Always proofread before you submit.
      \item Using a spell checker is not enough; ``your'' is spelled correctly but not if you meant ``you're''. 
      \item Get someone else to proofread as well. 
      \item Print the document and check:
          \begin{itemize}
              \item frontpage
              \item TOC
              \item margins
              \item paragraphs
              \item equations (length, numbering, punktuation)
              \item figures / tables (caption, position, numbering)
          \end{itemize}      
      \item Know when to draw the line!
  \end{itemize}

\end{frame}

%***********************************************************************
% Practice
%***********************************************************************
\begin{frame}
  \frametitle{Practice}

  \begin{itemize}
      \item To get better the only way is to practice.
      \item It will get easier the more you write, and better!
  \end{itemize}

\end{frame}



\section{Work habits}
%***********************************************************************
% Work habits
%***********************************************************************
\begin{frame}
  \frametitle{Work habits}

\begin{enumerate}
  \item \textbf{Plan your week/day}. Structure the week and divide your working day. Make a timetable if it helps. For instance, use the time before lunch to work on course A, and the time after lunch for course B. 
      \begin{itemize}
            \item Do ``easy'' tasks when you are tired and difficult tasks when you are most awake.
            \item Set goals for the week and for every day. Set the goals in advance. Could you meet your goals? Why not?
      \end{itemize}
  \item \textbf{Limit surfing}. Use designated surfing time. If you can enforce this you will guaranteed work more effectively. 
  \item \textbf{Take breaks}. Go outside, see other people, eat an apple. 
  \item \textbf{Variation}. If you get stuck or tired, try doing something else. Why not write on a section of your thesis? Introduction, theory, setup, method, are sections which you can (and should!) start writing early. 
\end{enumerate}
%


\end{frame}

%***********************************************************************
% Pomodoro technique
%***********************************************************************
\begin{frame}
  \frametitle{Pomodoro technique}

  \begin{itemize}
      \item If you struggle to keep focus, this technique can be helpful:
  \end{itemize}

  \begin{enumerate}
      \item Choose something to work on
      \item Set a timer for 25 minutes (or use a playlist)
      \item Work until the time is up. 
      \item Take a short break (5 min)
      \item Take a longer break every 4 Pomodoros
  \end{enumerate}

\end{frame}

%***********************************************************************
% Book keeping
%***********************************************************************
\begin{frame}
  \frametitle{Book keeping}
  \begin{itemize}
      \item Don't waste time looking for lost pages on the internet.
      \item Bookmark extensively. Google bookmarks are accessible on any computer. 
      \item Don't use bookmarks to manage scientific articles. Use a proper reference manager.
  \end{itemize}

\begin{quote}
\textbf{DONT}: use extensive tabbing and never close your browser instead of bookmarking.
\end{quote}


\end{frame}

%***********************************************************************
% Reference manager
%***********************************************************************
\begin{frame}
  \frametitle{Reference manager}
  \begin{itemize}
      \item Whether you use Bibtex, EndNote or other to include them in your thesis, you need a database for your references so that they are available when you need them. 
      \item Avoid spending the last week fixing the bibliography. 
      \item Whenever you find a relevant article: register it in your archive. 
      \item After you have finished a draft, remember to insert the necessary references. 
      \item Make use of formatted citations. 
      \item Ensure consistency. 
      \item Example Mendeley
  \end{itemize}

\end{frame}

\section{Exercises}
%***********************************************************************
% Exercise
%***********************************************************************
\begin{frame}
  \frametitle{Exercise}

  \begin{itemize}
      \item Book keeping
  \end{itemize}

  \begin{itemize}
      \item Create relevant bookmark folders in you bookmark system (does not have to be Google bookmarks) and systematize your current bookmarks. 
  \end{itemize}

\end{frame}

%***********************************************************************
% Exercise
%***********************************************************************
\begin{frame}
  \frametitle{Exercise}

  \begin{itemize}
      \item Reference managing
  \end{itemize}
\begin{enumerate}
  \item Using JabRef, Refbase, Mendeley or other, add at least 10 entries. Try to export the citation directly from the journal without entering it manually. 
  \item Most reference handling tools offer a labelling system. Create relevant labels and label your entries. 
\end{enumerate}


\end{frame}



%***********************************************************************
% Exercise
%***********************************************************************
\begin{frame}
  \frametitle{Exercise}

  \begin{itemize}
      \item Writing and reviewing
  \end{itemize}

  \begin{enumerate}
      \item Write a short text on a chosen subject (can also be part of your thesis)
      \item Exchange texts and peer-review each others writing
      \item Respond to the peer-review and revise your text
  \end{enumerate}

\end{frame}

%***********************************************************************
% Exercise
%***********************************************************************
\begin{frame}
  \frametitle{Project description}

  \begin{itemize}
      \item You can either
          \begin{itemize}
              \item revise an old version,
              \item or write an entirely new one (which you also should revise).
          \end{itemize}

  \end{itemize}

\end{frame}




\end{document}
